Cell-Membrane-Cloaked Oil Nanosponges Enable Dual-Modal Detoxification

The lack of pharmaceutical antidotes for deadly toxicants has motivated tremendous research interests in seeking synthetic nanoscavengers to absorb and neutralize harmful biological or chemical agents. Herein, we report a cell-membrane-cloaked oil nanosponge formulation capable of dual-modal detoxification. The biomimetic oil nanosponge consists of an olive oil nanodroplet wrapped by a red blood cell membrane. In such a construct, the oil core can nonspecifically soak up toxicants through physical partition and the cell membrane shell can specifically absorb and neutralize toxicants through biological binding. The dual-modal detoxification capability of the oil nanosponges was validated using three distinct organophosphates (OPs), including paraoxon, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and dichlorvos. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, OPs cause the accumulation of acetylcholine, which leads to neuromuscular disorders and even death. In mouse models of OP poisoning, the oil nanosponges reduced clinical signs of OP intoxication, lowered OP concentration in tissues, and greatly enhanced mouse survival in both the therapeutic regimen and the prophylactic regimen. Overall, oil nanosponges combine the merits of both cell membrane and oil nanodroplets for safe and effective detoxification, which also serve as a prototype of multimodal detoxification platforms.