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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Photodiode-Based Optical Imaging for Recording Network Dynamics with Single-Neuron Resolution in Non-Transgenic Invertebrates

Photodiode-Based Optical Imaging for Recording Network Dynamics with Single-Neuron Resolution in Non-Transgenic Invertebrates

Published on: July 9, 2020

High-Performance Photodiode Based on Atomically Thin WSe₂ /MoS₂ Nanoscroll Integration.

Wenjie Deng^1,2, Congya You^1,2, Xiaoqing Chen^1,2

¹College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|May 24, 2019

Summary

This study presents a novel photodiode using tungsten diselenide (WSe2) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoscrolls. This device achieves simultaneous high photoresponse speed and responsivity, overcoming limitations of previous MoS2 nanoscroll devices for optoelectronics.

Keywords:

2D materials heterostructures high performance nanoscrolls photodiodes

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Published on: April 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Two-dimensional (2D) materials like molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoscrolls exhibit promising electrical and optoelectrical properties.
Achieving both high photoresponse speed and high responsivity simultaneously in MoS2 nanoscroll-based devices remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a high-performance photodiode by integrating single MoS2 nanoscrolls with p-type tungsten diselenide (WSe2).
To overcome the limitations of MoS2 nanoscrolls in achieving simultaneous high photoresponse speed and responsivity.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a heterostructure photodiode comprising single MoS2 nanoscrolls and a p-type WSe2 layer.
Characterization of the photodiode's photovoltaic properties, including open-circuit voltage, current intensity, dark current, responsivity, external quantum efficiency, and response time.

Main Results:

The WSe2/MoS2 nanoscroll photodiode demonstrated excellent photovoltaic characteristics with a 0.18 V open-circuit voltage.
Suppressed dark current led to a two-orders-of-magnitude increase in the photocurrent-to-dark-current ratio compared to single MoS2 nanoscroll devices.
Simultaneously achieved high responsivity (0.3 A W−1, ≈75% external quantum efficiency) and a fast response time of 5 ms (three orders of magnitude faster than single MoS2 nanoscrolls).
Broadband photoresponse extending to the near-infrared region was observed.

Conclusions:

The atomically thin WSe2/MoS2 nanoscroll heterostructure effectively overcomes the limitations of individual MoS2 nanoscrolls.
This single nanoscroll-based heterostructure exhibits high performance, showing significant potential for future optoelectronic applications.