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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

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One-step 3D printed flow cells using single transparent material for flow injection spectrophotometry.

Ying Liang1, Qiang Liu2, Shuai Liu2

  • 1School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.

Talanta
|May 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed 3D printed flow cells for spectrophotometry using polylactic acid. Grey-transparent filament yielded the highest sensitivity for nitrite determination, demonstrating a simple and effective fabrication method.

Keywords:
3D printingFlow injection analysisFlow through cellFused deposition modellingVisible absorption measurement

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectrophotometry
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Flow-through cells are essential for flow injection spectrophotometry.
  • Traditional fabrication methods can be complex and costly.
  • 3D printing offers a potential alternative for custom cell fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a simple method for fabricating flow-through cells using 3D printing.
  • To evaluate the performance of 3D printed cells for spectrophotometric analysis.
  • To optimize cell design and material for enhanced sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing was used to fabricate flow cells.
  • Colored-transparent polylactic acid filaments were tested.
  • Channel dimensions and optical window thickness were controlled.
  • Nitrite determination via Griess reaction was employed for performance evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Flow cells with 1.0 mm i.d. channels and 0.3-1.0 mm optical windows were successfully printed.
  • Grey-transparent (Grey-T) filament provided the highest sensitivity.
  • Effective pathlengths ranged from 83.9-96.2% of physical pathlengths.
  • Excellent linearity (R² = 0.9991-0.9999) and low limits of detection (0.045-0.27 μM) were achieved for nitrite.
  • The 3D printed cells exhibited good chemical compatibility and signal stability.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printing provides a straightforward approach for fabricating functional flow-through cells.
  • Colored transparent filaments, particularly Grey-T PLA, can enhance sensitivity by reducing stray light.
  • The developed 3D printed cells are suitable for sensitive and reliable flow injection analysis of nitrite.