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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus
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Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

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Staphylococcus aureus in Animals.

Andreas F Haag1, J Ross Fitzgerald2, José R Penadés1

  • 1Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, UK.

Microbiology Spectrum
|May 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) frequently transfers between humans and animals, adapting to new hosts. Animals serve as reservoirs for S. aureus and antimicrobial resistance, impacting public health and agriculture.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium in humans and animals.
  • It causes various infections in both species, posing risks to public health and agriculture.
  • Animals act as reservoirs for S. aureus and can transmit it to humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of S. aureus in animals.
  • To examine the transfer of S. aureus between host species.
  • To identify factors involved in S. aureus adaptation to new hosts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of S. aureus in animal hosts.
  • Analysis of host-switching events and bacterial adaptation mechanisms.
  • Highlighting the role of animals in antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

Main Results:

  • S. aureus frequently switches hosts between humans and animals.
  • Adaptation involves mobile genetic elements and host-specific mutations.
  • Animals are significant reservoirs for S. aureus and antimicrobial resistance determinants.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding S. aureus host-switching and adaptation is crucial.
  • Animals play a key role in the epidemiology of S. aureus infections and antimicrobial resistance.
  • Interventions targeting animal reservoirs are important for public health.