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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Endocrine Signaling01:45

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells
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[Pituitary adenoma].

Morten Winkler Møller1, Marianne Skovsager Andersen, Dorte Glintborg

  • 1morten_wm@hotmail.com.

Ugeskrift for Laeger
|May 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pituitary adenomas (PA) are common intracranial tumors. Surgical treatment, primarily transsphenoidal surgery, is the first choice for most PAs, with specialized follow-up essential.

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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Pituitary adenomas (PA) represent 10-25% of intracranial tumors.
  • Despite being benign, PAs can exhibit invasive growth, potentially compressing adjacent structures.
  • This compression can lead to hypopituitarism and visual field deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas.
  • To highlight the primary surgical interventions and post-operative care protocols.
  • To emphasize the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach for optimal patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pituitary adenoma management.
  • Discussion of transsphenoidal surgery as the primary treatment modality.
  • Emphasis on multidisciplinary team evaluation including neurosurgeons and endocrinologists.

Main Results:

  • Surgical treatment is the preferred initial approach for most pituitary adenomas, excluding prolactinomas.
  • Transsphenoidal surgery is the standard surgical technique.
  • Post-operative assessment includes pituitary function, vision, and MRI scans.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of pituitary adenomas requires a specialized, multidisciplinary team.
  • Regular follow-up and tailored treatment strategies are crucial for patients with pituitary adenomas.
  • Early surgical intervention and comprehensive post-operative care improve patient outcomes.