Refugia and anthelmintic resistance: Concepts and challenges.
Jane E Hodgkinson1, Ray M Kaplan2, Fiona Kenyon3
1Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK.
Summary
Refugia strategies aim to slow anthelmintic resistance by protecting parasites from drugs. However, their effectiveness varies greatly between different parasite-host systems, requiring more research.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Drug Resistance
- Global Food Security
Background:
- Anthelmintic resistance in parasites poses a significant threat to global food security.
- Current management strategies advocate for refugia-based approaches to mitigate resistance and preserve drug efficacy.
- Limited evidence exists on the efficacy of refugia in slowing drug resistance in helminths.
Purpose of the Study:
- To deconstruct the concept of refugia in parasite management.
- To examine the assumptions and applicability of refugia across different parasite-host systems.
- To identify factors influencing the success of refugia-based strategies.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review and synthesis of expert opinions from an international workshop.
- Analysis of factors influencing the population dynamics of drug resistance.
- Comparative assessment of refugia applicability across diverse systems.
Main Results:
- The effectiveness of refugia is highly system-dependent.
- Key factors influencing refugia success include the fitness cost of resistance, parasite population mixing, and parasite life-history traits.
- Conditions required for refugia to be effective are not universally applicable.
Conclusions:
- Refugia strategies' success in controlling anthelmintic resistance is contingent on specific system characteristics.
- Further research is needed to understand the underlying principles of refugia and conduct empirical studies to optimize their application.
- A nuanced, system-specific approach is crucial for implementing effective refugia strategies.
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