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Protein and Protein Structure02:15

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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
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Crystallizing Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination using Lipidic Mesophases
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Smoothing membrane protein structure determination by initial upstream stage improvements.

Augusto Quaresma Pedro1,2, João António Queiroz1, Luís António Passarinha3,4

  • 1CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
|May 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Improving membrane protein (MP) expression yields is key for structural biology. This review details upstream bioprocess strategies in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems to enhance correctly folded MP production for structural studies.

Keywords:
Codon usageHostMembrane proteinOptimizationProductionProtein 3D-structureQuality controlStructure determination

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Membrane proteins (MPs) are crucial for biological functions, representing 20-30% of cellular proteins.
  • Despite their importance as drug targets, determining high-resolution 3D structures of MPs remains challenging due to complex biogenesis and low recombinant expression yields.
  • Low yields and functionality hinder structural characterization, making upstream bioprocess optimization critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss effective upstream strategies for enhancing recombinant membrane protein expression.
  • To highlight recent technical advances in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems for MP biogenesis.
  • To provide insights into protein quality control and structure determination techniques for MPs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis and discussion of upstream bioprocess optimization techniques.
  • Review of advancements in recombinant expression systems (prokaryotic and eukaryotic).
  • Inclusion of protein quality control and structure determination methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Identification of effective solutions and technical advances in the upstream stage of MP bioprocesses.
  • Demonstration of strategies to increase expression yields of correctly folded MPs.
  • Facilitation of structural characterization through improved MP production.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing upstream bioprocesses is essential for overcoming limitations in membrane protein structural biology.
  • Advances in expression systems and quality control pave the way for increased MP structure determination.
  • Informed decision-making in upstream processing is critical for successful membrane protein research.