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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases
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The case for radiosurgery for brainstem metastases.

Evan Winograd1,2, Charlotte I Rivers3, Robert Fenstermaker1,2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Journal of Neuro-Oncology
|May 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Aggressively treating brainstem metastases with Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKRS) offers definitive control and improves quality of life. This approach challenges pessimism and can be used with or without whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT).

Keywords:
Brainstem metastasesGamma KnifeStereotactic radiosurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Brainstem metastases (BSM) are often treated palliatively with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT).
  • Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) offers a more targeted approach for definitive tumor control and quality of life preservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for treating brainstem metastases.
  • To challenge the conventional approach of using WBRT for palliation of BSM.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of 41 patients with 45 brainstem lesions treated with GKRS.
  • Tumor volumes, treatment effects, and clinical data were assessed to correlate radiosurgical response.

Main Results:

  • Mean survival after BSM diagnosis was 11.6 months.
  • Complete tumor resolution was observed in 46% of patients by the third follow-up.
  • A 64% average decrease in tumor size was noted at the first follow-up; WBRT addition did not significantly impact survival.

Conclusions:

  • Brainstem location should not preclude the use of radiosurgery for metastases.
  • The decision to use WBRT should be individualized based on clinical progression.
  • GKRS can improve cognitive function preservation in patients with improved systemic therapy survival.