Wood-based biochar as an excellent activator of peroxydisulfate for Acid Orange 7 decolorization

Wood-based biochar, as a metal-free heterogeneous activator of peroxydisulfate (PDS), was successfully prepared by pyrolysis of polar sawdust for efficient removal of Acid Orange 7 (AO7). The results demonstrate PDS could be effectively activated by wood-based biochar, and AO7 was rapidly eliminated in a wide range of pH value (3.0-10.0) with AO7 removal achieved ≥ 99.3% after 14 min reaction. The dominant reactive species in the biochar/PDS system were verified via radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. It is speculated that sulfate radicals (SO₄^•-) and hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) were formed on the surface of biochar. Based on the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), π-electron density and oxygen-containing functional groups (especially C-OH) on biochar surface were active centers for the catalytic reaction. Recycle experiments of biochar for 4 runs were carried out and the regeneration method of the catalyst was also studied.