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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

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Published on: October 13, 2017

Persistent pit viper envenomation in three dogs.

Michael Schaer¹

¹Diplomat ACVIM (small animal internal medicine), Diplomate ACVECC, Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology

|May 27, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent venomous snake envenomation in dogs can occur, requiring extended antivenom treatment beyond initial doses. This study highlights cases where dogs experienced recurrent symptoms, necessitating further antivenom administration for recovery.

Keywords:

Antivenom Persistent envenomation Pit viper Recurrent envenomation

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Toxicology

Background:

North Central Florida has venomous snakes like the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake, Water Moccasin, and Timber Rattlesnake.
Envenomation in dogs and cats often leads to severe clinical signs requiring antivenom, with financial constraints sometimes limiting initial treatment doses.

Observation:

This report details three dogs experiencing persistent or recurrent envenomation after initial treatment.
These cases presented with severe signs including depression, hemorrhagic lymphedema, and prolonged coagulation times.

Findings:

Despite initial treatment with crystalloid solutions and polyvalent crotalid antivenom exceeding average doses, all three dogs showed a return of severe symptoms.
Recurrence of prolonged clotting times and clinical deterioration necessitated additional antivenom doses in all cases.

Implications:

Veterinary patients can exhibit persistent envenomation patterns similar to those seen in humans.
Veterinarians should be aware of this potential complication and prepared to adjust antivenom treatment protocols as needed for successful outcomes.