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Hyperglycaemic presentations in type 2 diabetes
Clare Willix1, Emma Griffiths2, Sally Singleton3
1MBBS, FRACGP, FACRRM, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Rural Clinical School of Western Australia, Bunbury, WA. clare.willix@rcswa.edu.au
Australian Journal of General Practice
|May 28, 2019
Summary
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) is a serious complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Early recognition of HHS, characterized by dehydration, hyperglycemia, and hyperosmolality, is crucial for timely management and improved patient outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Internal Medicine
- Emergency Medicine
Background:
- Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) is a critical syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
- It shares similarities with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in type 1 diabetes.
- Recognition is vital for rural general practitioners in emergency settings.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review hyperglycaemic states in T2DM.
- To outline biochemical derangements in HHS and DKA.
- To focus on HHS recognition and management.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of hyperglycaemic states in T2DM.
- Discussion of pathophysiology influencing HHS.
- Emphasis on clinical guidelines for management.
Main Results:
- HHS presents with severe dehydration, hyperglycemia, and hyperosmolality.
- Understanding pathophysiology aids in recognizing and treating HHS.
- Access to clinical guidelines supports early management.
Conclusions:
- HHS is a high-mortality condition (5–20%).
- Prompt identification and management are essential.
- Clinical guidelines are valuable for guiding early treatment strategies.
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