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Published on: August 22, 2025
Advanced breast cancer: An update to systemic therapy
1MB, BCh, BAO, Medical Oncology advanced trainee, Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW; Conjoint Associate Lecturer, Sydney Medical School, University of New South Wales, NSW. emmakate.carson@health.nsw.gov.au
Background:
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in Australia. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease; subtypes are defined by their biology with prognostic and therapeutic implications. Advancements in treatment have led to improved survival and quality of life for patients with advanced breast cancer.
Objective:
The aim of this article is to provide a concise update regarding the current systemic management of advanced breast cancer, including novel treatment options.
Discussion:
The aim of treatment in advanced breast cancer is to prolong life, manage symptoms and improve quality of life. The general practitioner is an important member of the patient’s multidisciplinary team.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

