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Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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A displacement current is analogous to a real current in Ampère's law, participating in Ampère's law the same way as the usual conduction current. However, it is produced by a changing electric field. Displacement current is defined in terms of a time-varying electric field, and also has an associated displacement current density. By adding a term accounting for displacement current, Maxwell modified the existing Ampère's law, which is now called generalized Ampère's law.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS
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Multiple Myeloma: Current Advances and Future Directions.

Thomas Martin1, Carol Ann Huff2

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.

Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia
|May 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in multiple myeloma (MM) treatment have doubled survival and improved quality of life. Minimal residual disease (MRD) testing is now key to defining treatment goals and assessing patient response.

Keywords:
Chimeric antigen receptor T cellsImmunotherapyMinimal residual diseaseSelinexorT-cell engaging antibodiesVentoclax

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Multiple myeloma (MM) treatment has seen significant progress over the last decade.
  • These advancements have more than doubled patient survival and enhanced quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent changes in response assessment criteria for MM.
  • To discuss the role and impact of minimal residual disease (MRD) testing in MM management.
  • To explore novel therapeutic strategies and emerging agents for MM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical trial data on MM therapies.
  • Analysis of evolving response assessment definitions and MRD testing methodologies.
  • Examination of preliminary data for novel agents and immunotherapeutics in MM.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvements in MM patient survival and quality of life observed.
  • Updated response assessment criteria and the growing importance of MRD testing highlighted.
  • Promising preliminary data for two novel agents for relapsed MM and early-stage immunotherapeutics.

Conclusions:

  • MM treatment landscape has been transformed by recent therapeutic advances.
  • MRD testing is becoming integral to defining treatment goals and assessing efficacy.
  • Novel agents and immunotherapies show potential for future MM treatment paradigms.