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Interphase00:54

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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ARID1A spatially partitions interphase chromosomes.

Shuai Wu1, Nail Fatkhutdinov1,2, Leah Rosin3

  • 1Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

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ARID1A, a SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler, spatially partitions chromosomes and influences genome organization. Its loss alters condensin II distribution, impacting transcription and chromosome interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Chromatin Biology

Background:

  • ARID1A is a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, known to influence transcription at promoters and enhancers.
  • The role of ARID1A in higher-order spatial chromosome partitioning and genome organization remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of ARID1A in higher-order genome organization and spatial chromosome partitioning.
  • To elucidate the relationship between ARID1A, condensin II, and transcriptional regulation.

Main Methods:

  • ARID1A knockout experiments.
  • Analysis of SWI/SNF complex and condensin II colocalization at enhancers.
  • Assessment of transcriptional changes.
  • 3D interphase chromosome painting.

Main Results:

  • ARID1A spatially partitions interphase chromosomes and regulates higher-order genome organization.
  • ARID1A interacts with condensin II, with colocalization observed at enhancers.
  • ARID1A knockout leads to condensin II redistribution at enhancers, correlating with altered transcription.
  • ARID1A influences the formation of transcriptionally inactive B-compartments and weakens topologically associated domain boundaries.
  • Loss of ARID1A increases trans interactions of small chromosomes, impacting large-scale genome folding.

Conclusions:

  • ARID1A plays a crucial role in large-scale genome folding and spatial partitioning of interphase chromosomes.
  • ARID1A coordinates with condensin II to regulate genome organization and transcriptional output.