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[Restrictive cubic spline analysis of dose-response relationship between maternal polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Yongzhi Wang1, Meiyan Li1, Alimu Ayiguli1
1School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
Objective:
To explore the dose-response relationship between maternal polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) exposure and neonatal low birth weight(LBW) by restrictive cubic spline method.
Methods:
Blood samples from 96 full-term primiparas in Urumqi were collected and the concentrations of seven PBDEs(BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) in serum were measured to calculate the total PBDEs concentration(ΣPBDEs). The sociodemographic data of pregnant women and their spouses, prenatal examination, nutritional status during pregnancy, internal and external environmental factors and neonatal birth outcomes were collected to analyze the influencing factors affecting the low birth weight of the newborn and explore the dose-response relationship between the exposure level of maternal PBDEs and the birth weight of the newborn.
Results:
(1) ΣPBDEs ranged from 144.67 to 32884.70 pg/g lipid weight(LW), and the median concentration was 3930.93 pg/g LW. BDE-153 was the main source of contribution. The median concentration was 41.04%.(2) There was a positive correlation between ΣPBDEs and birth outcomes such as birth length and body weight, both P<0.05.(3) There were significant differences in the distribution of PBDEs, weight gain during pregnancy, birth weight, Apgar score, house decoration before and after pregnancy, number of home appliances and number of carpets in normal birth weight infants and low birth weight infants(P<0.05).(4) Restricted cubic splines showed a non-linear "∩" dose-response relationship between the exposure level of PBDEs during pregnancy and the intensity of birth weight. The relationship between the exposure level of PBDEs during pregnancy and the intensity of LBW showed a weak nonlinear "^" dose-response relationship. The correlation intensity between the level and the normal birth weight showed a non-linear "^" dose response relationship(non-linear test, both P<0.05).
Conclusion:
The blood level of PBDEs in pregnant women in Urumqi is low, but it can affect the birth outcome of newborns. The correlation between the exposure level of PBDEs and birth weight during pregnancy is nonlinear dose-response relationship.
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.