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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Building an Asymmetrical Brain: The Molecular Perspective.

Judith Schmitz1, Onur Güntürkün1, Sebastian Ocklenburg1

  • 1Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology
|May 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hemispheric asymmetries, like handedness, may be influenced by epigenetic factors beyond genetics. This review explores molecular mechanisms and environmental influences on brain and organ asymmetries.

Keywords:
Nodal pathwayepigeneticshandednesslanguage lateralizationlaterality

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The brain exhibits significant structural and functional differences between its left and right hemispheres.
  • Handedness and language lateralization are key behavioral phenotypes with limited explanation from current genetic studies.
  • Environmental factors and emerging molecular evidence suggest a role for epigenetics in functional hemispheric asymmetries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular factors contributing to hemispheric asymmetries.
  • To explore the association between brain asymmetries and asymmetries in internal organs.
  • To propose alternative mechanisms for transgenerational epigenetic transmission in hemispheric asymmetry development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular genetic and epigenetic studies.
  • Analysis of existing data on handedness and language lateralization.
  • Synthesis of evidence for multifactorial models of ontogenesis.

Main Results:

  • A small fraction of phenotypic variance in handedness and language lateralization is explained by molecular genetics.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms are proposed to contribute to the 'missing heritability' of handedness.
  • Alternative non-germline transmission routes for epigenetic states are suggested.

Conclusions:

  • Hemispheric asymmetries likely result from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors.
  • Epigenetic regulation offers a potential framework for understanding the development of brain and organ asymmetries.
  • A multifactorial model integrating diverse influences is crucial for comprehending hemispheric lateralization.