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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

156.0K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
156.0K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.7K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.7K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.5K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
38.5K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.5K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.5K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

6.6K
6.6K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

14.1K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
14.1K

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Author Spotlight: Polysome Profiling Protocol for Studying Translational Regulation in Arabidopsis Under Heat Stress
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Mechanochemistry in Translation.

Sarah E Leininger1, Karthik Narayan1, Carol Deutsch2

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.

Biochemistry
|May 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nascent proteins generate force during translation, influencing protein folding and function. This force is transmitted to the ribosome, modulating translation speed through various cotranslational processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Translation rates significantly impact protein folding and cellular function.
  • Understanding how translation speed is modulated is crucial for comprehending protein biogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine force generation by nascent proteins during translation.
  • To elucidate mechanisms of force transmission to the ribosome's catalytic center.
  • To discuss the effects of force on the ribosome's catalytic cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cotranslational processes including nascent protein folding, chain emergence from the ribosome, and membrane translocation.
  • Analysis of force transmission pathways along the ribosomal exit tunnel.
  • Examination of physical models for predicting force generation.

Main Results:

  • Cotranslational processes generate forces that impact translation rates.
  • These forces are transmitted to the peptidyl transferase center (PTC).
  • Physical models exist to explain and predict force generation.

Conclusions:

  • Nascent protein-generated forces are a key mechanism for modulating translation speed.
  • Further investigation into other potential force-generating processes is warranted.