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Halogens

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.

Peptide Bonds

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Halogen Bonding in a Crystalline Sponge.

Liangqian Yuan¹, Siyu Li¹, Fangfang Pan¹

¹Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Luoyu Road 152 , Wuhan 430079 , People's Republic of China.

Inorganic Chemistry

|May 29, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Crystalline sponges, a type of supramolecular receptor, can selectively trap and sort different guest molecules. This study confirms their ability to bind guests via halogen and weak hydrogen bonding, showcasing their potential in molecular recognition.

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Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Crystal Engineering
Host-Guest Chemistry

Background:

Host-guest interactions are fundamental to supramolecular chemistry and the development of molecular receptors.
Crystalline sponges are a class of supramolecular receptors requiring investigation into their guest-binding capabilities.
Understanding these interactions is crucial for applications in molecular recognition and separation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the binding abilities of crystalline sponges with different types of guest molecules.
To demonstrate the selective entrapment and sorting of guests within the host framework.
To elucidate the specific non-covalent interactions involved in host-guest complexation.

Main Methods:

Utilizing the crystalline sponge method for guest entrapment.
Employing X-ray crystallography to analyze the host-guest complexes.
Characterizing the binding interactions between the host framework and guest molecules.

Main Results:

Two distinct guest molecules, one with sigma-hole donors and another with electron-donating species, were successfully entrapped in separate channels of the host framework.
Halogen bonding was identified between the host and the guest with sigma-hole donors.
Weak hydrogen bonding was observed between the host and the electron-donating guest species.

Conclusions:

The crystalline sponge method effectively demonstrates the ability of the host framework to absorb and sort guests of different chemical natures.
The study confirms the formation of specific non-covalent interactions, including halogen bonding and weak hydrogen bonding, in host-guest complexation.
This work validates the utility of crystalline sponges as selective receptors for molecular recognition and separation applications.