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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Synthesis of Near-Infrared Emitting Gold Nanoclusters for Biological Applications

Synthesis of Near-Infrared Emitting Gold Nanoclusters for Biological Applications

Published on: March 22, 2020

Assembly of Atomically Precise Silver Nanoclusters into Nanocluster-Based Frameworks.

Mohammad J Alhilaly¹, Ren-Wu Huang, Rounak Naphade

¹Department of Physics, College of Sciences , Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh , 11623 , Saudi Arabia.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|May 29, 2019

Summary

Researchers synthesized silver thiolate nanoclusters using chloride templates. Precise control over nanocluster size and structure enables tunable cluster-based framework materials with enhanced properties.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Silver thiolate nanoclusters are emerging as building blocks for advanced materials.
Controlling nanocluster synthesis and assembly is crucial for developing functional frameworks.
Anion templating offers a pathway for precise control over nanocluster structure.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a method for synthesizing and characterizing atomically precise silver thiolate nanoclusters.
To investigate the role of anion templates in controlling nanocluster nuclearity.
To explore how nanocluster size variations influence the dimensionality and properties of resulting frameworks.

Main Methods:

Anion-templated synthesis of silver thiolate nanoclusters.
Structural characterization using advanced techniques.
Assembly of nanoclusters into extended frameworks using bipyridine linkers.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized three atomically precise silver thiolate nanoclusters.
Demonstrated the critical role of chloride (Cl-) templates in precise nuclearity control.
Observed that a single Ag atom difference in nanocluster size dictates framework dimensionality, optical properties, and thermal stability.
Two nanoclusters formed 1D and 2D nanocluster-based frameworks (NCFs).

Conclusions:

Atomically precise nanoclusters can be reliably synthesized and characterized.
Anion templating is a powerful tool for controlling nanocluster assembly.
Size-controlled nanoclusters are versatile building blocks for tunable cluster-based framework materials.
These NCFs exhibit modulated optical properties and improved thermal stability.