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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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    Engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) therapies offer a promising new avenue for cancer treatment. These T cells can target various tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), showing potential for diverse and effective cancer therapies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Oncology
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • Adoptive immunotherapy using engineered T cells is a leading cancer treatment strategy.
    • T cells can be genetically modified to express T-cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the potential of T-cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells (TCR-T) for targeting diverse cancer types.
    • To review the applications of TCR-T therapy in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.

    Main Methods:

    • Engineering T cells to express TCRs specific for various TAAs, including intracellular and cell surface proteins.
    • Utilizing TCR-T for targeting overexpressed proteins, lineage-restricted antigens, cancer-testis antigens, neoantigens, and minor histocompatibility antigens.
    • Modifying TCR constructs to enhance safety, function, and persistence of TCR-T.

    Main Results:

    • TCR-T therapies targeting three different TAAs are currently in early-phase clinical trials for hematologic malignancies.
    • Preclinical studies demonstrate the broad applicability of TCR-T for various TAAs across different cancer types.

    Conclusions:

    • TCR-T therapy represents a versatile and promising approach for treating a wide spectrum of cancers.
    • Further development and clinical trials are expected to establish TCR-T as a safe and effective cancer treatment modality.