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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

49.9K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

19.9K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
A single-phase line consists of two solid cylindrical conductors, denoted as x and y. Each conductor carries phasor currents ix and iy, respectively. Given that the sum of these currents is...
614
Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

589
In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
589
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

5.2K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
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Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

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Phase Modulation with Electrically Tunable Vanadium Dioxide Phase-Change Metasurfaces.

Yonghwi Kim, Pin Chieh Wu, Ruzan Sokhoyan

    Nano Letters
    |May 29, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a tunable reflectarray metasurface using vanadium dioxide (VO2) that dynamically controls near-infrared light phase. This breakthrough enables continuous phase modulation for advanced optical applications.

    Keywords:
    Metasurfacenear-infraredphase modulationreflectarrayvanadium dioxide

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    Area of Science:

    • Metasurfaces
    • Nanophotonics
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Reflectarray metasurfaces enable control over reflected light.
    • Vanadium dioxide (VO2) exhibits a phase transition from semiconductor to semimetal, useful for tunable devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a dynamically tunable reflectarray metasurface.
    • To achieve continuous phase modulation of near-infrared light using electrical control.

    Main Methods:

    • Integrating a VO2 active layer into the dielectric gap of reflectarray antenna elements.
    • Utilizing the insulator-to-metal transition of VO2 induced by resistive heating.
    • Controlling the volume fractions of metallic and dielectric regions in VO2.

    Main Results:

    • Continuous phase modulation of reflected light with a maximal shift of 250°.
    • Achieved reflectance modulation of 23.5% and a spectral shift of 175 nm.
    • Demonstrated broadband phase modulation capabilities.

    Conclusions:

    • The tunable reflectarray metasurface offers dynamic control over light phase.
    • VO2-integrated metasurfaces provide a promising platform for advanced optical systems.
    • The broadband nature of the modulation enhances its applicability in various near-infrared scenarios.