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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

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Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
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In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
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When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
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Randomized Experiments01:13

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Visualization and Analysis of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries using Whole-mount Immunohistochemistry and 3D Reconstruction
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The Pushback Pharyngeal Flap: An 18-Year Experience.

Danielle H Rochlin1, Paul A Mittermiller1, Clifford C Sheckter1

  • 1From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; and the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Regional Craniofacial Clinic, Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara.

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Summary

The pushback pharyngeal flap effectively treats velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in children. This surgical technique shows high success rates in restoring velopharyngeal function and improving speech, with manageable complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Speech Pathology

Background:

  • Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a condition affecting speech, often treated with surgical interventions.
  • The pharyngeal flap is a long-standing surgical technique for VPI correction.
  • Combining a pharyngeal flap with a palate pushback aims to enhance efficacy and minimize failure causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the pushback pharyngeal flap technique for VPI.
  • To assess functional outcomes and complications in a cohort of patients undergoing this procedure.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 40 patients with VPI undergoing pushback pharyngeal flap surgery (2000-2017).
  • Preoperative nasoendoscopy confirmed VPI.
  • Surgical technique involved palate mucosa elevation, flap passage, and inset.

Main Results:

  • 91.7% of patients achieved adequate velopharyngeal function at 2.5 years post-surgery.
  • Significant improvements were observed in speech metrics (p < 0.001).
  • Complications included flap dehiscence, dysphagia, obstructive sleep apnea, and persistent VPI requiring further surgery.

Conclusions:

  • The pushback pharyngeal flap is a safe and effective treatment for VPI.
  • Advantages include secure flap inset and prevention of palatal scar contracture.