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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
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The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
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Persuasion is the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication. Much of the persuasion we experience comes from outside forces. How do people convince others to change their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors? What communications do you receive that attempt to persuade you to change your attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Full-Endoscopic Isolation Zone Technique for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation
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Aggravation and deliberation over lung herniation.

Michelle N Lee1, Luke T Surry1, David M Ferraro2

  • 1Internal Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.

BMJ Case Reports
|May 30, 2019
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Summary

A 58-year-old woman experienced persistent respiratory symptoms due to a large lung herniation. Surgical repair was offered but conservative management proved ineffective for this rare condition.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • A 58-year-old female with a history of asthma and surgically repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia presented with worsening respiratory symptoms.
  • Symptoms included persistent cough, pleuritic chest pain, and shortness of breath, unresponsive to influenza A treatment.

Observation:

  • Physical examination revealed a large bulge protruding from the left posterior thorax.
  • Radiographic imaging, including chest X-ray and CT scan, confirmed a large lung herniation between the left seventh and eighth ribs.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with a significant lung herniation, a rare complication potentially related to her prior diaphragmatic hernia repair.
  • Conservative management was initiated after surgical repair was declined, but has not resolved the herniation or associated symptoms.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and limited conservative treatment options for lung herniation in adults.
  • Further investigation into the long-term outcomes of conservative versus surgical management for adult lung herniation is warranted.
  • The case underscores the importance of considering rare thoracic pathologies in patients with a history of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and persistent respiratory complaints.