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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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A Decrease in Serine Levels during Growth Transition Triggers Biofilm Formation in Bacillus subtilis.

Jennifer Greenwich1, Alicyn Reverdy1, Kevin Gozzi1

  • 1Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Journal of Bacteriology
|May 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Serine starvation signals biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis by decreasing serine levels and altering tRNA abundance, impacting ribosome pausing and gene translation. This study reveals a novel link between serine homeostasis and biofilm development.

Keywords:
Bacillus subtilisbiofilmscatabolite controlserinetRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Biofilm development in Bacillus subtilis is regulated by various signals, including intracellular metabolic cues.
  • Serine starvation was proposed to trigger biofilm formation via ribosome pausing on specific serine codons, affecting translation of the SinR repressor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how serine levels change during growth stages.
  • To elucidate the regulation of intracellular serine levels in B. subtilis.
  • To understand the mechanism of serine starvation-induced ribosome pausing and its role in biofilm activation.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of intracellular serine levels across growth phases.
  • Analysis of serine biosynthesis gene expression.
  • Gene deletion studies (serine deaminase).
  • Quantification of serine tRNA isoacceptor levels.

Main Results:

  • Serine levels decrease as B. subtilis enters stationary phase.
  • Serine biosynthesis gene expression declines in stationary phase.
  • Deletion of serine deaminase gene delays biofilm formation.
  • Levels of serine tRNA isoacceptors decrease in stationary phase, with differential reduction of those recognizing UCN codons.

Conclusions:

  • Serine levels are a critical intracellular signal for Bacillus subtilis biofilm activation.
  • Changes in serine homeostasis, including reduced biosynthesis and altered tRNA levels, contribute to biofilm development.
  • Differential reduction of serine tRNA isoacceptors may explain selective ribosome pausing during serine starvation.