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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State01:25

Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State

During the absorptive state, which lasts approximately four hours after a meal, the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume are broken down into monosaccharides, amino acids, and free fatty acids for absorption. While carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed as-is, lipids are absorbed in their broken-down forms and then re-esterified into triglycerides within enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons. These absorbed...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
Composition of Body Fluids01:29

Composition of Body Fluids

Water functions as a solvent accommodating various solutes, which can be categorized under electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Non-electrolytes are usually held together by covalent bonds, restricting them from dissociating in solution, thereby leading to a lack of electrically charged components upon dissolving in water. They are predominantly organic molecules, such as glucose, creatinine, and urea. Electrolytes, on the other hand, are compounds that can break down into ions in water.
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...
Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

Clearance Models: Physiological Models

Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's proficiency in drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Quantitative Autonomic Testing
11:40

Quantitative Autonomic Testing

Published on: July 19, 2011

Humboldt's Tableau Physique revisited.

Pierre Moret1, Priscilla Muriel2, Ricardo Jaramillo2

  • 1Laboratoire Traces UMR 5608, CNRS, Toulouse University, 31058 Toulouse, France; pierre.moret@univ-tlse2.fr.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Alexander von Humboldt's vegetation data from Mt. Antisana shows a 215-266m upslope plant shift over 215 years. This revises our understanding of his methods and tropical Andes climate change impacts.

Keywords:
Humboldtglobal warminghistorical ecologyrange shifttropical Andes

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Biogeography
  • Climate Change Research

Background:

  • Alexander von Humboldt's 1807 "Tableau Physique" established vegetation belts, foundational to biogeography.
  • Humboldt's altitudinal plant distribution data from the equatorial Andes has not been critically re-examined.
  • Dispersed historical archives made re-analysis of Humboldt's original data challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically re-examine Alexander von Humboldt's original data for his "Tableau Physique" (1807).
  • To investigate the accuracy of Humboldt's data, particularly above the tree line.
  • To compare historical plant distribution with current records to assess climate change impacts in the tropical Andes.

Main Methods:

  • Unearthing and analyzing overlooked historical documents related to Humboldt's expeditions.
  • Identifying the primary collection site for Humboldt's upper-montane plant data (Mt. Antisana, not Chimborazo).
  • Conducting a resurvey of plant species distribution at Mt. Antisana to compare with historical records.

Main Results:

  • The upper section of Humboldt's "Tableau Physique" was based on unverified and partly inaccurate data.
  • Humboldt's primary plant data above the tree line originated from Mt. Antisana.
  • A resurvey at Mt. Antisana revealed a 215- to 266-m altitudinal shift in vegetation over 215 years.

Conclusions:

  • Humboldt's scientific methods and thinking require a nuanced understanding, especially regarding data accuracy.
  • Historical data, when carefully interpreted, can serve as a valuable resource for documenting long-term environmental changes.
  • The observed upslope vegetation shift in the Andes aligns with global climate change trends, highlighting the region's vulnerability.