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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

The Behavioral Perspective on Personality

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality01:30

Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality

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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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Production of Nanofibrillar Patterned Collagen for Tissue Engineering
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Production of Nanofibrillar Patterned Collagen for Tissue Engineering

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Engineering Clostridium for improved solvent production: recent progress and perspective.

Chi Cheng1,2, Teng Bao2, Shang-Tian Yang3

  • 1School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
|May 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridia bacteria can be engineered to produce biofuels like butanol from various feedstocks. This review covers metabolic and process engineering strategies to enhance solvent production from sugars, biomass, and syngas.

Keywords:
BiofuelsButanolClostridiaFermentationMetabolic engineeringSolvent

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Genetic Engineering of an Unconventional Yeast for Renewable Biofuel and Biochemical Production
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Clostridia are anaerobic bacteria capable of producing valuable solvents (acetone, ethanol, butanol) for biofuels and chemicals.
  • Metabolic engineering has improved solvent production from sugars in solventogenic and acidogenic clostridia.
  • Cellulolytic and acetogenic clostridia are gaining interest for utilizing renewable resources like cellulose and syngas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review metabolic and process engineering strategies for solvent production using clostridia.
  • To highlight advancements in utilizing diverse feedstocks: sugars, lignocellulosic biomass, and syngas.
  • To discuss applications in biofuel and chemical manufacturing.

Main Methods:

  • Metabolic engineering of solventogenic, acidogenic, and acetogenic clostridia.
  • Process engineering techniques, including in situ product recovery and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP).
  • Analysis of solvent production from various substrates (sugars, biomass, syngas).

Main Results:

  • Significant improvements in solvent yield and titer have been achieved through metabolic engineering.
  • Process engineering strategies enhance solvent titer and productivity.
  • Diverse clostridial species, including engineered strains, demonstrate potential for efficient solvent biosynthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic and process engineering offer powerful tools to optimize solvent production by clostridia.
  • Clostridia can be engineered to efficiently convert renewable resources into valuable chemicals and biofuels.
  • Further research in clostridial strain development and process optimization holds promise for sustainable biomanufacturing.