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Gallbladder

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
The gallbladder's anatomy consists of three regions: the fundus, body, and neck. Extending from the neck, the cystic duct joins...

Centrosome Duplication

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

Accessory Organs

Accessory Organs

Accessory organs are those that participate in the digestion of food but do not come into direct contact with it like the mouth, stomach, or intestine do. Accessory organs secrete enzymes into the digestive tract to facilitate the breakdown of food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation

The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation

Published on: January 31, 2025

Robotic cholecystectomy for duplicated gallbladder.

Andrew Ky Fung¹, Kit Fai Lee², Charing Cn Chong³

¹1 Specialist in General Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.

Scottish Medical Journal

|May 31, 2019

Summary

Duplication of the gallbladder is rare. Robotic cholecystectomy is a viable surgical option for patients with symptomatic duplicated gallbladders.

Keywords:

Duplicate gallbladder cholecystectomy robotic surgery

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Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation

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Published on: January 31, 2025

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Robotic Left Hepatectomy using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging for an Intrahepatic Complex Biliary Cyst

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Published on: June 24, 2022

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Surgical Innovation

Background:

Congenital gallbladder duplication is an uncommon anomaly.
Symptomatic gallstones necessitate surgical intervention.

Observation:

A case of duplicated gallbladder with symptomatic cholelithiasis is presented.
The patient underwent a robotic cholecystectomy procedure.

Findings:

Robotic cholecystectomy was successfully performed for duplicated gallbladder.
This approach offers a feasible surgical solution for this rare condition.

Implications:

Awareness of gallbladder duplication is crucial for surgeons.
Robotic surgery presents a viable option for managing duplicated gallbladders.