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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Behavioral Tasks for Examining Identity Recognition In Mice
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Face Recognition.

Steven Z Rapcsak1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, 1501. N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. szr@u.arizona.edu.

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|May 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Face recognition relies on a distributed brain network, not a single area. Damage to this network causes disorders like prosopagnosia, affecting how we recognize familiar faces.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Face recognition is crucial for social interaction.
  • Understanding the neural basis of face recognition is a key challenge in cognitive neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in face recognition research.
  • To propose a functional neuroanatomical model of face identity recognition.
  • To integrate findings from functional imaging, intracranial recordings, and lesion studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of functional imaging studies.
  • Analysis of intracranial recordings.
  • Correlation of lesion-deficit data in neurological patients.

Main Results:

Keywords:
Face recognitionFalse recognition/misidentificationPerson recognition disordersProsopagnosia

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  • Face recognition involves a distributed neural network, not a single region.
  • Core network: ventral occipito-temporal cortex (face-selective areas).
  • Extended network: anterior temporal lobe, amygdala, prefrontal cortex.

Conclusions:

  • Face identity recognition depends on coordinated activity across a large-scale neural network.
  • Damage to network components leads to distinct face recognition disorders (e.g., prosopagnosia).
  • The proposed model integrates diverse data to explain face recognition mechanisms and disorders.