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Related Concept Videos

Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Far-Red Fluorescent Senescence-Associated &#946;-Galactosidase Probe for Identification and Enrichment of Senescent Tumor Cells by Flow Cytometry
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mRNA methylation in cell senescence.

Gabriel Casella1, Dimitrios Tsitsipatis1, Kotb Abdelmohsen1

  • 1Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
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PubMed
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Cellular senescence, linked to aging, is controlled by RNA modifications. New research explores how epitranscriptomic changes like m6A and m5C impact this process.

Keywords:
5-methylcytosineN6-methyladenosineagingmRNA modificationssenescence

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cellular senescence is a key process in aging and age-related diseases.
  • Post-transcriptional regulation, involving RNA-binding proteins and noncoding RNAs, is crucial for senescence.
  • Chemical modifications of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) can alter regulatory factor binding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of mRNA modifications influencing cellular senescence.
  • To highlight the role of epitranscriptomics in aging research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent technological advancements in detecting mRNA modifications (mass spectrometry, next-generation sequencing, genome mapping).
  • Discussion of specific epitranscriptomic marks: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and 5-methylcytosine (m5C).

Main Results:

  • Advances in technology have significantly improved the detection of mRNA modifications.
  • Specific chemical modifications, m6A and m5C, are implicated in modulating cellular senescence.
  • Epitranscriptomic control is increasingly recognized as a factor in aging.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical mRNA modifications play a significant role in regulating cellular senescence.
  • Further research into epitranscriptomic mechanisms is vital for understanding aging and developing interventions.