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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells01:18

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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
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Microfluidic Assay for the Assessment of Leukocyte Adhesion to Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Endothelial Cells hiPSC-ECs
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Modeling Cardiovascular Risks of E-Cigarettes With Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells.

Won Hee Lee1, Sang-Ging Ong2, Yang Zhou3

  • 1Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology
|June 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electronic cigarette use, especially flavored liquids, harms vascular health by causing endothelial dysfunction. This dysfunction, marked by increased oxidative stress and inflammation, can lead to cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Endothelial Cell Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has surged globally.
  • The vascular health effects of e-cigarettes and their components are not well understood.
  • Evaluating e-cigarette health risks, including nicotine and flavorings, is crucial due to their popularity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how flavored e-cigarette liquids (e-liquids) and serum from e-cigarette users impact endothelial health.
  • To investigate the effects on endothelial cell-dependent macrophage activation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs).
  • Employed a high-throughput screening approach to assess endothelial integrity after exposure to various e-liquids and user serum.
  • Analyzed cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase activity, lipoprotein uptake, and cell function.

Main Results:

  • Cinnamon-flavored e-liquid was most cytotoxic, decreasing cell viability and impairing endothelial function (tube formation, migration).
  • E-liquids induced pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and increased ROS.
  • Serum from e-cigarette users showed increased ROS and inflammatory markers, linked to impaired pro-angiogenic properties and endothelial dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Acute exposure to flavored e-liquids or e-cigarette use causes endothelial dysfunction.
  • This dysfunction is a precursor to cardiovascular diseases.