A thermo-responsive adsorbent-heater-thermometer nanomaterial for controlled drug release: (ZIF-8,Eu_xTb_y)@AuNP...

An adsorbent-heater-thermometer nanomaterial, (ZIF-8,Eu_xTb_y)@AuNP, based on ZIF-8 (adsorbent), containing Eu³⁺ and/or Tb³⁺ ions (thermometer) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, heater) was designed, synthetized, characterized, and applied to controlled drug release. These composite materials were characterized as core-shell nanocrystals with the AuNPs being the core, around which the crystalline ZIF-8 has grown (shell) and onto which the lanthanide ions have been incorporated or chemosorbed. This shell of ZIF-8 acts as adsorbent of the drugs, the AuNPs act as heaters, while the luminescence intensities of the ligand and the lanthanide ions are used for temperature monitoring. This thermo-responsive material can be activated by visible irradiation to release small molecules in a controlled manner as established for the model pharmaceutical compounds 5-fluorouracil and caffeine. Computer simulations and transition state theory calculations shown that the diffusion of small molecules between neighboring pores in ZIF-8 is severely restricted and involves high-energy barriers. These findings imply that these molecules are uploaded onto and released from the ZIF-8 surface instead of being inside the cavities. This is the first report of ZIF-8 nanocrystals (adsorbents) containing simultaneously lanthanide ions as sensitive nanothermometers and AuNPs as heaters for controlled drug release in a physiological temperature range. These results provide a proof-of-concept that can be applied to other classes of materials, and offer a novel perspective on the design of self-assembly multifunctional thermo-responsive adsorbing materials that are easily prepared and promptly controllable.