Which neuroimaging techniques are really needed in Chiari I? A short guide for radiologists and clinicians

To describe the most appropriate techniques and suggested protocols meant to address the various scenarios that clinicians and pediatric neurosurgeons may face in their day-to-day practice connected with Chiari I.

Current literature related to image indications and findings in Chiari I has been reviewed. The authors focused on both standard and advanced techniques for clinical diagnosis and preoperative planning purposes.

The complexity of providing neuroimaging guidelines for children investigated for Chiari I lies in defining the most appropriate neuroradiology tool to approach what is in fact a very heterogeneous condition with different etiopathogenetic mechanisms and associated abnormalities. Other variables that may influence the diagnostic strategy include the age of the patient, the presence of additional pathological conditions, the type of presenting symptoms, and the indication for surgical or conservative management. Although the average age at time of diagnosis is 10 years, the initial diagnosis may be done at any age, and the referral for neuroradiology workup may come from general practitioners/pediatricians, orthopedic surgeons, and endocrinologists following various baseline investigations including plain x-rays of skull and spine and/or CT head and/or MRI brain and spine.