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Related Concept Videos

Balancing Redox Equations02:58

Balancing Redox Equations

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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Redox Reactions01:24

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Conjugate Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds01:09

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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds are molecules bearing a carbonyl and alkene functionality in conjugation with each other. The conjugation in the molecule leads to three resonance structures. The hybrid form exhibits two probable electrophilic sites: the carbonyl carbon and the β carbon.
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Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)01:27

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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
Conjugate addition results in a thermodynamically stable product. The reaction retains the stronger C=O bond at the expense of the weaker C=C π bond. The process is slow as the β carbon is less electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon.
Direct addition products are...
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Conjugate Addition of Enolates: Michael Addition01:08

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The attack of a nucleophile at the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is called conjugate addition. Conjugate addition reactions of active methylene compounds, such as β-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto nitriles, and α-nitro ketones, are called Michael addition reactions.
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Cellular Redox Profiling Using High-content Microscopy
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Methods for the Addition of Redox Compounds.

John T Hancock1

  • 1Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. john.hancock@uwe.ac.uk.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Delivering redox-active compounds in cell biology experiments requires careful consideration. This chapter reviews common methods for introducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other compounds, discussing their advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords:
Hydrogen gasHydrogen peroxideHydrogen sulfideNitric oxideReactive nitrogen speciesReactive oxygen speciesSuperoxide anions.

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Area of Science:

  • Redox Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Cellular redox environment modulation is crucial for experiments.
  • Delivery of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen gas (H2) presents challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common methods for delivering redox-active compounds in cellular experiments.
  • To discuss the pros and cons of various delivery techniques for ROS, RNS, H2S, and H2.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of gaseous delivery methods.
  • Evaluation of donor molecules for compound release.
  • Consideration of release kinetics and by-products.

Main Results:

  • Gaseous delivery can be inconvenient.
  • Donor molecules require careful assessment of released compounds, kinetics, and by-products.
  • No single method is universally optimal; choice depends on experimental needs.

Conclusions:

  • Careful consideration of delivery methods is essential before complex redox biology experiments.
  • Understanding the nuances of each delivery system maximizes experimental validity and reproducibility.