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Related Concept Videos

Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing...
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Structural Protein Function01:56

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Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
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Structure of Lipids03:38

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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...
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Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials
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MULTIDIRECTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF BONE STRUCTURE INCLUDING RADIOISOTOPIC ANALYSIS IN PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN.

W Tryniszewski1, I Raciborska1, Z Maziarz1

  • 1Lodz University of Medicine, Department of Radiological and Isotopic Diagnosis and Therapy, Lodz, Poland.

Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest, Romania : 2005)
|June 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Menopause significantly impacts bone health, affecting bone mineral density and metabolism. Vitamin D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and cytokine levels play crucial roles in these menopausal changes.

Keywords:
bone metabolismbone scintigraphycytokinesmenopauseosteoporosis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Menopause Research

Background:

  • Menopause is associated with significant physiological changes, including alterations in bone turnover markers (BTM), vitamin D3, cytokines, and parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • Understanding these changes is crucial for managing bone health in aging women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism index (IBM) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.
  • To investigate the relationship between BTM, vitamin D3, cytokines, and PTH levels in different menopausal states.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 113 women aged 40-60, divided into four groups based on menopausal status (premenopausal/postmenopausal) and osteoporosis presence.
  • Measurements included IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, estradiol (E2), PTH, FSH, TSH, calcium, phosphates, alkaline phosphatase (bALP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), osteocalcin (OC), BMD, and IBM.

Main Results:

  • IBM and BMD were significantly lower in premenopausal women compared to postmenopausal women.
  • Significant differences in OC, CTX, 25OH D3, and PTH levels were observed between specific study groups, indicating variations in bone metabolism based on menopausal status and osteoporosis.

Conclusions:

  • Bone metabolism is significantly influenced by menopausal status.
  • Changes in vitamin D3, PTH, and cytokine levels are key factors in menopausal bone health and metabolic alterations.