Determinants for low bone mineral density in pre-school children: a matched case-control study in Wuhan, China

Area of Science:

• Pediatrics
• Nutrition Science
• Bone Health

Background:

• Reduced bone mass increases bone fragility and fracture risk.
• Identifying early determinants of low bone mineral density (BMD) is crucial for prevention.
• Pre-school children are a key demographic for early intervention in bone health.

Purpose of the Study:

• To identify and determine factors associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in pre-school children.
• To investigate the relationship between growth, development, diet, and low BMD.
• To provide evidence for early preventive strategies against low BMD.

Main Methods:

• A matched case-control study involving 88 low BMD cases and 88 controls (aged 4.15 ± 0.78 years).
• Data collection included anthropometric measurements, blood tests, and questionnaires on growth, development, and dietary habits.
• Statistical analysis employed paired t-tests, McNemar tests, and conditional logistic regression models.

Main Results:

• Multiple logistic regression revealed protective factors against low BMD.
• Larger chest circumference (OR=0.763), longer breastfeeding duration (OR=0.899), and lower snack consumption frequency (OR=0.439) were associated with decreased low BMD risk.
• No significant differences were noted in other measured growth and development parameters between cases and controls.

Conclusions:

• Pre-school children with larger chest circumference, extended breastfeeding, and reduced snack intake exhibit a lower risk of developing low BMD.
• Strengthening these identified protective factors may be an effective strategy for reducing the incidence of low BMD in early childhood.
• Early identification and intervention targeting these determinants can mitigate future bone fragility and fracture risks.