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Related Concept Videos

Attachment01:20

Attachment

516
Attachment is vital for infant development, as warm social interactions support growth and well-being. In a classic 1958 study by Harry Harlow, the significance of warmth and comfort in forming attachments was examined. Harlow separated newborn monkeys from their mothers and provided two artificial "mothers": one made of cold wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Despite the wire mother offering food, the infant monkeys preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, demonstrating that...
516
Attachment Styles01:24

Attachment Styles

409
Jeffrey Simpson's attachment theory suggests that early caregiver relationships shape lasting patterns of behavior and emotional regulation, known as attachment styles. These patterns are organized along two key dimensions: self-esteem and interpersonal trust. The intersection of these dimensions produces four primary attachment styles that typically persist throughout life and significantly influence how individuals form and maintain relationships.Secure Attachment StyleIndividuals with a...
409
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

4.0K
As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
4.0K
Theory of Romantic Attachment in Adulthood03:34

Theory of Romantic Attachment in Adulthood

48.7K
Attachment is a long-standing connection or bond with others. While Attachment Theory was conceived in developmental psychology to describe infant-caregiver bonding, it's been extended into adulthood to include romantic relationships. 
48.7K
Relationship with Parents: Attachment01:28

Relationship with Parents: Attachment

232
Parent-child interactions lay the foundation for how we understand relationships throughout life. These interactions are not uniform across families; instead, they are shaped by a range of environmental, emotional, and behavioral factors unique to each caregiver-child dynamic. Social psychologists study these early relationships to understand how patterns formed in infancy influence social functioning and interpersonal behavior in adulthood.Attachment Theory and Early Relational ModelsJohn...
232
Hazan and Shaver's Attachment Styles01:28

Hazan and Shaver's Attachment Styles

449
Attachment theory, developed initially to explain infant–caregiver bonds, has been extended to illuminate patterns of intimacy in adult romantic relationships. Psychologists Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver proposed that the attachment styles observed in infancy form a framework for how individuals approach emotional closeness and conflict in adulthood. These attachment styles—secure, avoidant, and anxious—are linked to enduring patterns of behavior and emotional regulation in...
449

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Plaque Assay for Murine Norovirus
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Plaque Assay for Murine Norovirus

Published on: August 22, 2012

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Norovirus Attachment and Entry.

Vincent R Graziano1, Jin Wei2, Craig B Wilen3

  • 1Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. vincent.graziano@yale.edu.

Viruses
|June 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human norovirus causes widespread gastroenteritis. Key mediators like bile salts and histo-blood group antigens are involved in norovirus entry, but the exact receptor and mechanisms remain under investigation, despite recent advances in related viruses.

Keywords:
CD300lfJAM-Abile saltshisto-blood group antigensmurine norovirusnorovirus entryviral tropism

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human norovirus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide.
  • Viral entry is a critical step determining host range and pathogenesis.
  • Bile salts and histo-blood group antigens are known to mediate norovirus entry, but the precise receptor and molecular mechanisms are still unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on norovirus attachment and entry mechanisms.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding viral entry, including receptor identification in related viruses.
  • To identify key areas for future research in norovirus entry biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on norovirus entry.
  • Analysis of findings related to viral attachment factors and host receptors.
  • Discussion of the role of capsid proteins in viral lifecycle.

Main Results:

  • Recent identification of CD300lf as a receptor for murine norovirus.
  • Elucidation of the role of the minor capsid protein VP2 in viral genome release.
  • Continued uncertainty regarding the specific human norovirus receptor and entry pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding norovirus entry is crucial for developing effective interventions.
  • Advances in murine norovirus research offer insights into potential human norovirus mechanisms.
  • Further research is needed to identify the human norovirus receptor and elucidate entry pathways.