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An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability
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Experimental Model for Interlaminar Endoscopic Spine Procedures.

Marcelo Campos Moraes Amato1, Bruno César Aprile1, Cezar Augusto de Oliveira1

  • 1Amato - Instituto de Medicina Avançada, São Paulo, Brazil.

World Neurosurgery
|June 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The porcine spine is an effective training model for learning interlaminar percutaneous endoscopic lumbar procedures (IL-PELPs). Despite anatomical differences, surgeons found the porcine model suitable for practicing key surgical steps.

Keywords:
Disc herniationEndoscopic discectomyInterlaminarLumbar spinePorcine modellearning curve

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Surgical Training
  • Anatomical Modeling

Background:

  • Endoscopic spinal surgery is increasingly popular, necessitating effective training models.
  • Limited availability of human cadavers hinders surgical skill development.
  • The porcine spine is evaluated as a potential cadaver model for endoscopic lumbar procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the suitability of the porcine spine for learning and practicing interlaminar percutaneous endoscopic lumbar procedures (IL-PELPs).

Main Methods:

  • Lumbar and cervical porcine spine segments were utilized for IL-PELP training.
  • Technical notes on procedural difficulties and anatomical features were documented.
  • Five neurosurgeons trained for one day and completed a post-training survey.

Main Results:

  • Porcine lumbar spines feature small interlaminar windows requiring laminectomy, similar to higher human lumbar levels.
  • Porcine cervical spines offer wide interlaminar windows, mimicking the human L5-S1 approach.
  • Key maneuvers like canal entry and disc access were possible in the lumbar segment; flavectomy and neural structure identification were feasible in both segments.

Conclusions:

  • The porcine spine serves as an effective and representative model for IL-PELP training.
  • Known anatomical variations in the porcine model do not impede the execution of essential surgical steps.