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Acidocalcisomes: Ultrastructure, Biogenesis, and Distribution in Microbial Eukaryotes.

Ursula Goodenough1, Aaron A Heiss2, Robyn Roth3

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Acidocalcisomes, organelles storing polyphosphate and metals, were visualized in algae using freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Their evolutionary origins trace back to proton pumps inherited from bacteria and archaea.

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AcidocalcisomesAsgard archaea.Chlamydomonas reinhardtiifreeze-fracturephylogenetic analysespolyphosphate granules

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Organelle Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Acidocalcisomes are acidic organelles accumulating polyphosphate, calcium, and metals.
  • They possess polyphosphate polymerase and proton pumps (H+-PPases, V-ATPases).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize acidocalcisomes in living cells using QFDEEM.
  • To investigate the origin and evolution of acidocalcisomal proton pumps.

Main Methods:

  • Quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QFDEEM) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic H+-PPase pump genes.

Main Results:

  • QFDEEM revealed distinct acidocalcisome morphology and polyphosphate granule abundance in stressed cells.
  • Acidocalcisomes were identified assembling in the trans-Golgi.
  • Phylogenetic analysis indicated H+-PPase pump origins from bacteria and archaea, with losses in certain clades.

Conclusions:

  • QFDEEM is effective for studying acidocalcisomes and their assembly.
  • The Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA) inherited proton pumps from prokaryotes, shaping acidocalcisome function.