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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It has been known to humanity in various forms for thousands of years. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus recorded his experiments on static electricity using amber and fur in the sixth century BC.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Evaluating the Electrochemical Properties of Supercapacitors using the Three-Electrode System
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A self-charging cyanobacterial supercapacitor.

Lin Liu1, Seokheun Choi1

  • 1Bioelectronics & Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, State University of New York-Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|June 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a supercapacitive microbial fuel cell (micro-PMFC) that generates continuous, renewable electricity for environmental sensors. The innovative design significantly boosts power output, making it a practical, self-sustaining energy solution.

Keywords:
Double-functional bio-anodesHybrid biodevicesPhotosynthetic microbial fuel cellsSelf-charging supercapacitorsSupercapacitive energy harvesters

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Area of Science:

  • * Bio-electrochemical systems
  • * Renewable energy technologies
  • * Environmental sensing

Background:

  • * Microliter-scale photosynthetic microbial fuel cells (micro-PMFCs) offer a self-sustaining, renewable power source for unattended environmental sensors.
  • * Current micro-PMFC technology suffers from low performance, hindering practical applications.
  • * Continuous electricity generation through day-night cycles via microbial photosynthesis and respiration is a key advantage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To revolutionize micro-PMFC performance by developing an innovative supercapacitive device.
  • * To maximize bacterial photoelectrochemical activities for enhanced energy generation.
  • * To establish a stable and high-performance power supply for environmental sensing applications.

Main Methods:

  • * Development of a supercapacitive micro-PMFC within a controlled micro-chamber.
  • * Implementation of a 3-D double-functional bio-anode for simultaneous energy harvesting and charge storage.
  • * Miniaturization of device architecture and series connection of multiple devices to enhance performance.

Main Results:

  • * Achieved stable high power density (38 μW/cm²) and current density (120 μA/cm²).
  • * Demonstrated maximized bacterial photoelectrochemical activities.
  • * Successfully integrated high-energy harvesting with high-power supercapacitor operation.

Conclusions:

  • * The supercapacitive micro-PMFC presents a practical and sustainable power solution for environmental sensing.
  • * Innovative device design and miniaturization strategies significantly improved micro-PMFC performance.
  • * This technology holds potential for self-sustaining power in remote environmental monitoring.