Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

31.6K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
31.6K
Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

104.7K
Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
104.7K
Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

1.0K
Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
1.0K
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

1.1K
Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
1.1K
The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

47.7K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
47.7K
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

913
Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
913

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Why recombination hotspots?

PLoS genetics·2026
Same author

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals rapid divergence of genes guiding meiosis and spermiogenesis in two passerine birds.

Genome research·2026
Same author

Genomic and functional adaptations in the guanylate-binding protein GBP5 highlight specificities of bat antiviral innate immunity.

PLoS biology·2026
Same author

Empirical Validation of the Nearly Neutral Theory at Divergence and Population-Genomic Scales Using 144 Placental Mammal Genomes.

Genome biology and evolution·2026
Same author

Spectroscopic Properties of Tb<sup>3+</sup> Ions in TbF<sub>3</sub>-Doped CaF<sub>2</sub> Crystals.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Degrees of convergent evolution in rodent adaptations to arid environments.

Genome research·2026
Same journal

The microlandscapes of tree trunks: the effect of lichen and tree-level characteristics on arthropod communities.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Centimetre-scale landscapes to assess the motion behaviour and cognition of gastropods and bivalves.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Intertidal microcosms of wave-swept rocky shores: ecological and physiological insights from a uniquely stressful environment.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Temporal and spatial variation in temperature and oxygen at the microscale: key niche axes for aquatic life.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Natural microcosms in ecology: fulfilling the promise of model systems?

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Microbe-induced galls and plant defence: metabolite crosstalk in a co-evolutionary battle.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat
06:03

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

Published on: September 20, 2016

15.1K

Detecting adaptive convergent amino acid evolution.

Carine Rey1, Vincent Lanore2, Philippe Veber2

  • 11 ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, LBMC, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69007 Lyon , France.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|June 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying evolutionary substitutions driving convergent phenotypes is challenging. This study clarifies adaptive vs. non-adaptive processes and reviews methods for detecting these key genomic changes.

Keywords:
C3/C4convergent evolutiongenomicsmolecular evolutionphylogeneticsprobabilistic models

More Related Videos

Automated Microbial Cultivation and Adaptive Evolution using Microbial Microdroplet Culture System MMC
08:18

Automated Microbial Cultivation and Adaptive Evolution using Microbial Microdroplet Culture System MMC

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.5K
Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution
08:11

Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution

Published on: June 14, 2024

1.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat
06:03

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

Published on: September 20, 2016

15.1K
Automated Microbial Cultivation and Adaptive Evolution using Microbial Microdroplet Culture System MMC
08:18

Automated Microbial Cultivation and Adaptive Evolution using Microbial Microdroplet Culture System MMC

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.5K
Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution
08:11

Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution

Published on: June 14, 2024

1.4K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genomics
  • Molecular evolution
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Distinguishing adaptive convergent substitutions from background changes is crucial in evolutionary genomics.
  • Existing methods for identifying convergent substitutions lack a universally accepted definition, leading to varied results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate processes generating foreground convergent substitutions in coding sequences.
  • To review and critically assess methods for detecting foreground convergent substitutions.
  • To evaluate method performance using simulations and empirical data.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of adaptive and non-adaptive evolutionary processes.
  • Review of existing computational methods for detecting convergent substitutions.
  • Simulations incorporating varying selection efficacy and analysis of empirical alignments.

Main Results:

  • Categorization of processes leading to convergent substitutions.
  • Exposition of underlying assumptions and limitations of current detection methods.
  • Comparative evaluation of method power under different evolutionary scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • A clearer understanding of convergent substitution generation is presented.
  • Methodological strengths and weaknesses in identifying adaptive evolution are highlighted.
  • Provides a framework for more accurate detection of convergent evolution in genomic data.