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What is Homeostasis?

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F).

pH Homeostasis

pH Homeostasis

Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

Adult Stem Cells

Adult Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Extended Live Imaging of Female Drosophila melanogaster Germline Stem Cell Niches

Extended Live Imaging of Female Drosophila melanogaster Germline Stem Cell Niches

Published on: December 20, 2024

Germline stem cell homeostasis.

Jonathan O Nelson¹, Cuie Chen¹, Yukiko M Yamashita¹

¹Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

|June 4, 2019

Summary

Germline stem cells (GSCs) maintain gamete production throughout life. This review explores mechanisms like niche signals and asymmetric divisions that ensure GSC homeostasis for lifelong fertility.

Keywords:

Aging Asymmetric stem cell division Dedifferentiation Germ cell immortality Germline stem cells Stem cell niche

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Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

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Published on: February 25, 2007

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Biology
Reproductive Biology

Background:

Germline stem cells (GSCs) are crucial for producing gametes, ensuring genetic transmission to offspring.
GSCs rely on specific niche signals for their maintenance and function.
Maintaining a stable GSC population is vital for reproductive success and longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diverse mechanisms governing germline stem cell (GSC) homeostasis.
To elucidate how GSCs are maintained to ensure continuous gamete production.
To highlight the importance of GSC niche interactions in reproductive biology.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on germline stem cell maintenance.
Analysis of signaling pathways and cellular processes involved in GSC regulation.
Synthesis of findings on factors contributing to GSC population stability.

Main Results:

GSC homeostasis is maintained by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Niche-derived signals play a critical role in regulating GSC self-renewal and differentiation.
Mechanisms such as asymmetric cell division and dedifferentiation contribute to sustained GSC populations.

Conclusions:

Understanding GSC maintenance mechanisms is key to addressing infertility and aging.
The intricate regulation of GSCs ensures lifelong gametogenesis.
Further research into GSC biology holds potential for therapeutic applications in reproduction.