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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

216.9K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

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In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Bootstrap analysis of diffusion tensor and mean apparent propagator parameters derived from multiband diffusion MRI.

Adam S Bernstein1, Nan-Kuei Chen1,2, Theodore P Trouard1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|June 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiband (MB) diffusion MRI sequences closely match conventional single-band sequences for diffusion metrics. This validation supports MB imaging

Keywords:
DTIMAPdiffusionmultiband

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Area of Science:

  • Diffusion MRI
  • Neuroimaging techniques
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Diffusion MRI provides insights into tissue microstructure.
  • Multiband (MB) imaging accelerates data acquisition.
  • Comparing MB and single-band diffusion metrics is crucial for clinical adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly compare diffusion metrics from MB sequences with single-band acquisitions.
  • To assess the accuracy and reliability of MB diffusion MRI.
  • To evaluate potential differences in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and mean apparent propagator (MAP) MRI metrics.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion MRI data acquired with a commercial MB sequence (acceleration factor 3) and a conventional single-band sequence.
  • Comparison of DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity) and MAP-MRI metrics (propagator anisotropy, return to origin probability).
  • Novel bootstrapping analysis scheme applied to oversampled diffusion MRI data.

Main Results:

  • Fractional anisotropy and propagator anisotropy showed high similarity between MB and single-band data.
  • Minor differences observed at low/high values of fractional anisotropy/propagator anisotropy.
  • MB-derived mean diffusivity was generally lower, and return to origin probability was higher.
  • Coefficient of variation varied slightly based on repetition time (TR) and MB vs. single-band acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • The tested MB diffusion MRI sequence yields results comparable to conventional single-band sequences.
  • MB sequences are minimally affected by SNR reduction and reduced TR.
  • Relaxation effects associated with reduced TR were noted but did not significantly impact overall comparability.