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Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally,...

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

High-Lithium-Affinity Chemically Exfoliated 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Xiudong Chen¹, Yusen Li², Liang Wang^1,3

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|June 4, 2019

Summary

This study introduces exfoliated covalent organic framework (COF) nanosheets for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These novel COF materials demonstrate enhanced lithium storage capacity and faster kinetics, improving battery performance.

Keywords:

chemical exfoliation covalent organic frameworks lithium-organic batteries organic nanosheets

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Published on: October 10, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show promise as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their reversible redox properties.
However, limitations such as poor conductivity, slow ion diffusion, and low capacity hinder their practical application.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and synthesize a novel 2D COF (TFPB-COF) with improved lithium-ion storage capabilities.
To enhance the electrochemical performance of COFs by creating exfoliated few-layered nanosheets (E-TFPB-COF) and preventing their restacking.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of a 2D COF (TFPB-COF) featuring unsaturated benzene rings and ordered mesoporous pores.
Development of a chemical stripping strategy to produce exfoliated COF nanosheets (E-TFPB-COF).
In situ formation of MnO2 nanoparticles to prevent nanosheet restacking and enhance conductivity.

Main Results:

Exfoliated E-TFPB-COF nanosheets exhibit new Li-storage sites attributed to conjugated aromatic π electrons, facilitating faster ion and electron transport.
E-TFPB-COF/MnO2 electrodes achieved a reversible capacity of 1359 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles.
E-TFPB-COF electrodes demonstrated a reversible capacity of 968 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles, with good high-rate performance.

Conclusions:

The exfoliated COF nanosheets (E-TFPB-COF) significantly improve lithium-ion kinetics and storage capacity compared to bulk COFs.
The strategy of exfoliation and MnO2 nanoparticle integration offers a viable pathway for developing high-performance COF-based LIB electrodes.