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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
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Brain-on-a-Chip: A Human 3D Model for Clinical Application.

Lorenzo Muzzi1, Sergio Martinoia1, Monica Frega2

  • 1Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.

Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
|June 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a 3D neural culture model using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) on microelectrode arrays (MEAs). This brain-on-a-chip system aids in studying neurological disorders and developing precision medicine therapies.

Keywords:
3D brain modelBrian-on-a-chiphuman induced pluripotent stem cells electrophysiologymicro electrodes array

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Neurological disorders lack effective treatments.
  • Patient-specific in vitro models are needed for disease research.
  • Current models do not fully replicate brain complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 3D neural culture system using hiPSCs and MEAs.
  • To create a controllable brain-on-a-chip model.
  • To enable patient-specific disease modeling and drug screening.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of 3D neural cultures from hiPSCs.
  • Integration of neural cultures with MEAs.
  • Establishment of a brain-on-a-chip platform.

Main Results:

  • Successful generation of 3D neural cultures.
  • Demonstration of functional neural networks on MEAs.
  • Creation of a viable brain-on-a-chip model.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides a platform for studying neurological diseases.
  • Patient-specific hiPSC-derived neural cultures facilitate personalized medicine approaches.
  • This brain-on-a-chip model can accelerate drug discovery for neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions.