Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope01:18

Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope

979
The outermost layers of prokaryotic cells play a critical role in their survival, virulence, and interaction with the environment. These layers, often composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or proteins, form protective and adhesive structures that vary in organization and function.Capsules and Slime LayersCapsules are highly organized, tightly bound layers that firmly attach to the bacterial cell wall. Capsules are usually made of polysaccharides, though some are made of polypeptides. These...
979
Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins01:21

Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

5.0K
Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
5.0K
Diversity of Archaea I01:30

Diversity of Archaea I

567
Archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms, are classified into five major phyla based on genetic and biochemical characteristics: Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Korarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota. Among these, the phylum Euryarchaeota is notable for its remarkable diversity in morphology, metabolism, and ecological adaptations.Morphological and Metabolic DiversityMembers of Euryarchaeota exhibit a variety of cellular shapes, including rods and cocci. Their metabolic pathways...
567
Diversity of Archaea II01:24

Diversity of Archaea II

465
Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
465
Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

906
Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
906
Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

845
Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
845

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Chimeric allergen receptor regulatory T cells suppress birch pollen allergic airway inflammation.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2026
Same author

Targeting PD-1<sup>+</sup> T cells with chimeric antigen receptors to reduce the HIV reservoir.

Science advances·2026
Same author

[AI-based discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1].

Medecine sciences : M/S·2024
Same author

Features of chronic urticaria after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine over time.

Communications medicine·2024
Same author

Site-specific serology unveils cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies targeting influenza A hemagglutinin epitopes.

European journal of immunology·2024
Same author

RAIN: machine learning-based identification for HIV-1 bNAbs.

Nature communications·2024
Same journal

A comparative genomic approach to identify determinants of meropenem resistance in <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> using pan-genome-wide association analysis.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Phthalazine-based quaternary ammonium salts: synthesis, biological evaluation and membrane-targeting mechanism against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Linking wet-lab and genomic approaches for reliable detection of carbapenemase-producing <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> in wastewater.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Synergistic modulation of the gut microbiome-liver-host metabolome axis associates with the therapeutic efficacy of Danlou tablet against metabolic syndrome.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Microbial-enzymatic coupling drives nitrogen stabilization during static pile composting of rice straw amended with contrasting nitrogen sources.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Editorial: Probiotics and bioactive agents in modulating harmful oral biofilms.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Averaging of Viral Envelope Glycoprotein Spikes from Electron Cryotomography Reconstructions using Jsubtomo
08:29

Averaging of Viral Envelope Glycoprotein Spikes from Electron Cryotomography Reconstructions using Jsubtomo

Published on: October 21, 2014

12.6K

HCMV Envelope Glycoprotein Diversity Demystified.

Mathilde Foglierini1,2, Jessica Marcandalli1, Laurent Perez1

  • 1Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|June 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccines show modest efficacy due to genomic, not antigenic, variation. Focusing on conserved gB domains may improve future vaccine development for preventing HCMV infection.

Keywords:
envelope glycoproteinshuman cytomegalovirusmultiple sequence alignmentphylogenic analysisprotein sequence analysisviral diversity

More Related Videos

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
07:10

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

14.7K
Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging
07:29

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging

Published on: December 1, 2011

42.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Averaging of Viral Envelope Glycoprotein Spikes from Electron Cryotomography Reconstructions using Jsubtomo
08:29

Averaging of Viral Envelope Glycoprotein Spikes from Electron Cryotomography Reconstructions using Jsubtomo

Published on: October 21, 2014

12.6K
Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
07:10

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

14.7K
Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging
07:29

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging

Published on: December 1, 2011

42.0K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of congenital defects and severe illness in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Despite extensive efforts, current HCMV vaccines exhibit limited efficacy in clinical trials, potentially linked to viral genetic diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether genomic polymorphism in HCMV leads to antigenic variation.
  • To assess the conservation of viral envelope proteins, particularly those targeted by current vaccine candidates.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic sequence analysis of over 200 sequences for each envelope glycoprotein.
  • Evaluation of amino acid conservation across HCMV virion envelope proteins.

Main Results:

  • Antigenic variation in HCMV is primarily confined to three specific envelope proteins.
  • The pentamer and glycoprotein B (gB) complexes, key vaccine targets, demonstrate significant amino acid conservation.
  • Genomic polymorphism does not appear to be the primary driver of antigenic variation impacting vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Antigenic variability is not the main reason for the modest efficacy of recent HCMV vaccines.
  • Future vaccine strategies should concentrate on stabilizing and optimizing gB domains to elicit a robust protective immune response against HCMV.