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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
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Cyberbiosecurity Challenges of Pathogen Genome Databases.

Boris A Vinatzer1, Lenwood S Heath2, Hussain M J Almohri3

  • 1School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Whole-genome sequencing enhances pathogen tracking but introduces cybersecurity risks. Strengthening cyberbiosecurity in pathogen genome databases is crucial for public health and biosecurity.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Cybersecurity

Background:

  • Pathogen detection is transitioning to whole-genome sequencing for enhanced tracking of infectious diseases.
  • Whole-genome data is increasingly utilized for real-time surveillance of viral and bacterial outbreaks globally.
  • Plant pathogen genomics are emerging as a tool for investigating epidemics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the cybersecurity vulnerabilities associated with pathogen genome databases.
  • To address the emerging risks to public health and biosecurity posed by cyber-attacks on these databases.
  • To propose solutions for enhancing cyberbiosecurity in next-generation pathogen genome databases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current pathogen detection and tracking methodologies.
  • Analysis of cybersecurity risks inherent in large-scale genomic data management.
  • Identification of potential cyberbiosecurity weaknesses in existing pathogen genome databases.

Main Results:

  • Genome-based approaches offer significant public health advantages but introduce new cybersecurity vulnerabilities.
  • Pathogen genome databases are potential targets for cyber-attacks aiming to compromise data integrity or manipulate information.
  • Protecting individual and group privacy is a major challenge as genomic data becomes linkable to other sources.

Conclusions:

  • Cybersecurity must be a primary consideration in the development of next-generation pathogen genome databases.
  • Proactive measures are needed to mitigate risks of data compromise, manipulation, and privacy breaches.
  • Strengthening cyberbiosecurity is essential to fully leverage the benefits of genomic surveillance for public health and biosecurity.