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Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Construction of a Wireless-Enabled Endoscopically Implantable Sensor for pH Monitoring with Zero-Bias Schottky Diode-based Receiver
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A Smart Phone Based Handheld Wireless Spirometer with Functions and Precision Comparable to Laboratory Spirometers.

Ping Zhou1, Liu Yang2, Yao-Xiong Huang3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ji Nan University, Guang Zhou 510632, China. tmyield@jnu.edu.cn.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 5, 2019
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Summary

A new smartphone-based wireless spirometer offers accurate respiratory testing. This handheld device is low-cost, portable, and suitable for point-of-care use in managing conditions like COPD and asthma.

Keywords:
Lilly flowheadPortable spirometerhandheld unitsmart phone base

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Spirometry is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases.
  • Traditional spirometers can be bulky, expensive, and require trained personnel.
  • There is a need for portable, user-friendly, and cost-effective spirometry solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a smartphone-based handheld wireless spirometer.
  • To assess its performance against established standards and laboratory spirometers.
  • To determine its suitability for point-of-care testing (POCT) in various settings.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Lilly type sensing flowhead for respiratory signal acquisition.
  • Integrated Bluetooth for wireless data transmission to smartphones or mobile terminals.
  • Performed tests including flow volume (FV), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF).

Main Results:

  • The spirometer accurately detects flow rates from 0-15 L/s with an accuracy of 4 mL/s.
  • Performance metrics were comparable to laboratory spirometers, meeting ATS/ERS requirements.
  • Demonstrated ease of use in tests with 12 subjects.

Conclusions:

  • The developed wireless spirometer is accurate, portable, low-cost, and user-friendly.
  • It meets performance standards for clinical use.
  • It is suitable for POCT of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in general practice and home settings.