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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending01:18

Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending

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When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
When the member is segmented into tiny cubic elements, it is observed that the primary stress...
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State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

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The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. The space truss is widely used in various construction projects due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads.
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Correction: Kang et al. Fluid Flow to Electricity: Capturing Flow-Induced Vibrations with Micro-Electromechanical-System-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvester. <i>Micromachines</i> 2024, <i>15</i>, 581.

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Imaging Plasma Membrane Deformations With pTIRFM
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MEMS Deformable Mirrors for Space-Based High-Contrast Imaging.

Rachel E Morgan1, Ewan S Douglas2, Gregory W Allan3

  • 1Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. remorgan@mit.edu.

Micromachines
|June 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) deformable mirrors (DMs) are crucial for exoplanet imaging. Space-based demonstrations confirm their viability for future high-contrast imaging telescopes, paving the way for advanced astronomical observations.

Keywords:
MEMS deformable mirrorsexoplanet direct imagingspace telescope technologywavefront control

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Engineering
  • Astronomy
  • Space Technology

Background:

  • Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) deformable mirrors (DMs) are essential for precise wavefront control in optical systems.
  • These DMs are critical for achieving the high contrast required for exoplanet imaging using coronagraph instruments.
  • MEMS DM technology development is ongoing for future space telescopes like the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the operational capability of MEMS DMs in the space environment through various missions.
  • To present ground testing results and flight data from space-based MEMS DM projects.
  • To assess the performance and reliability of MEMS DMs under space conditions for exoplanet imaging applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing data from multiple space missions including sounding rockets (PICTURE, PICTURE-B), high altitude balloons (PICTURE-C, HiCIBaS), and a CubeSat mission (DeMi).
  • Conducting ground testing and analyzing flight data to evaluate MEMS DM performance.
  • Implementing various coronagraph and wavefront sensing techniques in conjunction with MEMS DMs.

Main Results:

  • PICTURE-B successfully demonstrated MEMS DM functionality above 100 km altitude despite significant launch and test loads.
  • PICTURE-C aims for 10^-7 contrast with a 952-actuator MEMS DM.
  • HiClBaS's DM is operational post-flight despite a cabling issue; DeMi targets <100 nm RMS wavefront control precision with a 140-actuator MEMS DM.

Conclusions:

  • MEMS DMs have been successfully demonstrated in various space environments, validating their suitability for demanding optical applications.
  • Despite some mission-specific technical challenges, the overall performance indicates MEMS DM technology is maturing for space-based high-contrast imaging.
  • These demonstrations provide crucial data and operational experience for the integration of MEMS DMs into future exoplanet-finding space missions.