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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...

Energy Bands in Solids

Energy Bands in Solids

Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors

Published on: February 25, 2020

BAP1 in solid tumors.

Vincenzo Di Nunno¹, Giorgio Frega², Matteo Santoni³

¹Division of Oncology, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.

Future Oncology (London, England)

|June 5, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The BAP1 gene is crucial in various cancer pathways, including cell death and metabolism. Loss of BAP1 function in tumors consistently worsens patient prognosis and increases cancer aggressiveness.

Keywords:

BAP1 cholangiocarcinoma melanoma mesothelioma renal cell carcinoma thymic carcinoma

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Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors

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Analysis of Side Population in Solid Tumor Cell Lines

Analysis of Side Population in Solid Tumor Cell Lines

Published on: February 23, 2021

Area of Science:

Oncology
Cancer Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

The BAP1 gene is a significant focus in cancer research due to its role in multiple tumor-associated pathways.
BAP1 influences critical cellular processes such as programmed cell death, metabolism, immune cell development, ferroptosis, and DNA damage response.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the significance of BAP1 in solid tumors.
To understand the implications of BAP1 loss on tumor progression and clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

Analysis of BAP1 gene function in various cancer-related pathways.
Examination of the timing and impact of BAP1 loss across different tumor types.

Main Results:

BAP1 loss is implicated in diverse cellular processes fundamental to cancer.
The timing of BAP1 loss varies significantly among primary tumors, suggesting multiple initiating factors.
Loss of BAP1 is consistently associated with poorer prognosis and more aggressive cancer phenotypes.

Conclusions:

BAP1 plays a vital role in preventing cancer development and progression.
Understanding BAP1's function and loss is critical for developing targeted cancer therapies and improving patient outcomes.