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Related Concept Videos

Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Michael R Green, Joseph Sambrook

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    |June 5, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a fundamental technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences, enabling millions of copies from complex genomes. This simple, rapid, and sensitive method is essential for modern molecular cloning and genetic research.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a cornerstone of modern molecular biology.
    • Efficient amplification of specific DNA sequences is crucial for various research applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the foundational role of PCR in molecular cloning.
    • To describe the capabilities and advantages of the PCR technique.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizes a quasi-exponential chain reaction to amplify target DNA sequences.
    • Requires knowledge of the nucleotide sequences of the target DNA.

    Main Results:

    • Generates millions of copies of a defined target sequence from complex DNA.
    • Enables selective amplification even from large genomes like mammalian DNA.

    Conclusions:

    • PCR is a simple, rapid, flexible, and sensitive method for DNA amplification.
    • Its robustness and ease of use make it indispensable for molecular cloning and genetic analysis.